About 70% of genes associated with disease in humans have functional homologs in zebrafish [8]. Choosing zebrafish for modeling cancer studies has many advantages. Zebrafish is a powerful in vivo tool to study pathologies and treatment for skin cancer (melanoma and SCC). [85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90]. Yes, I do think that the zebrafish will be a model organism for how development of a vertebrate will happen. The zebrafish is a very hard fish and is very easy to raise. Mammalian tumor cells treated with red fluorescent protein when injected into transgenic zebrafish, the process of tumor cell metastasis and angiogenesis can be viewed well after 48 h of transplantation [83]. When kept under optimal conditions, the zebrafish can lay about 200 eggs per week [9, 10]. The zebrafish as a supplement to other model organisms The zebrafish also has great research value as a supplement to other model organisms. To better understand the process of metastasis, the transplanted tumor cells can be stained/treated by dye like CM-Dil or may be labeled by red fluorescent protein (RFP) [82]. Many other mutants which show phenotypic similarities to human disease have been screened and identified. By Farmanur Rahman Khan and Saleh Sulaiman Alhewairini, Submitted: May 9th 2018Reviewed: September 14th 2018Published: November 27th 2018, Home > Books > Current Trends in Cancer Management. During embryonic development, the intersegmental vessels are formed by angiogenic sprouting from the dorsal aorta, and they have been the target of studies using genetic perturbations or drugs [36]. Hepatic gene expression in humans and zebrafish has revealed conservation of gene expression profiles at different stages of tumor aggressiveness between these two phylogenetically distant species [66, 67]. For better therapeutic practices like development of antitumor drugs and advancements of clinical treatments, the insight into mechanism of tumor metastasis is very helpful. By inducing different gene mutations or stimulating signaling pathways through chemicals, the tumors can be induced in different organs of the zebrafish like the pancreas, liver, GI tract, vasculature, muscles, skin, and testes [46, 48, 49, 50, 51]. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. 2. The mammalian tumor cells can be transplanted into the zebrafish, dispensing a novel way to study the interactions between transplanted tumor cell and vasculature of host. Now, zebrafish has got the status of a successful animal model to study drug toxicity and toxicology caused by environmental contaminants [91]. can be assessed directly. This review is by no means a comprehensive one but an attempt to provide a flavor to the readers some recent advances about this wonderful creature to use in potential researches. *Address all correspondence to: insectqh11@gmail.com, Edited by Liliana Streba, Dan Ionut Gheonea and Michael Schenker. Among all the zebrafish proved best for investigating embryogenesis, organogenesis, and impact of environmental carcinogen for the development of cancer [64]. SCCs are curable in situ by surgical excision. Francesca Tuazon will discuss the history of model organisms and the technological advances afforded by using zebrafish. Most of the tissues and organs found in humans and zebrafish are the same except lungs and prostrate and mammary glands. The embryo develops rapidly outside mother and optically clear and thus, easily accessible for experimentation and observation. By Jin Wang, Xuan Zhang, Chunxia Ji, Lei Zhang, Yang Di, Wenhui Lou, Xiaoyan Zhang and Jianqing Xu. In RFP treated U87 glioma stem cells (GSCs), when transplanted into the yolk sac of the zebrafish embryo, the various invasive stages of GSCs like approaching, cluster formation, invasion, migration, and transmigration can be observed clearly at 48 h postinjection [83]. By using zebrafish, the suppressing or promoting factors for metastasis can be identified. As like humans, cancer is a genetic disease in fishes as shown by melanomas which develop in Xiphophorus hybrids [47]. At the time, several groups were investigating the genetic basis of development in flies and worms. It is a bony fish (teleost) that belongs to the family Cyprinidae under the class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes). The zebrafish genome shares a lot of similarities with human genome. The evaluation of toxicity of drug is very essential to know the end points of toxicity, dose-response relationships, and mechanism of toxicity and also to determine the toxicodynamics of the drug [91]. Many biomedical breakthroughs owe their discovery to advances in the tools and methods scientists use, especially model organisms. Zebrafish is a successful and versatile animal model system, offering a tool to model gene function, development of various organ systems, cancer studies, toxicology, drug discovery, human disease and disorders and also in aquaculture, etc. Abstract. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a prominent model organism in biological researches in recent times. In adults, the caudal fin is equally convenient as a model tissue as regenerating vessels can be observed at all stages, and the animals (zebrafish) are suitable for experimental drug manipulations [31]. Like that of all vertebrates, the enteric nervous system of zebrafish is also derived from neural crest [24], but it differs potentially from amniotes wherein the enteric nervous system is derived from both the vagal and sacral crests, while in the case of zebrafish, it is derived from the vagal crest only [25, 26, 27, 28]. In the late 1960s, George Streisinger, who is considered the founding father of zebrafish research, first introduced this tiny slender fish as a vertebrate model for research on genetics and development at the University of Oregon. The vascular system of tumor has always been the target of antitumor therapies; it is evident from research and clinical observations that if angiogenesis inhibitors are used in combination with chemotherapy, it can improve the outcome in cancer patients [69]. Studies involving Zebrafish have been important in many fields of research including oncology, regeneration and particularly embryonic development. Among the model organisms, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the best leading models to study developmental biology, cancer, toxicology, drug discovery, and molecular genetics. This intestinal bulb displays patterns of motility as well as goblet cells that produce acid and neutral mucins like the stomach of mammals [20, 21]. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities. The zebrafish is acquiring the reputation rapidly as a promising model animal to study drug and chemical toxicology [92, 93]. It is possible to identify the interacting oncogenes via suppressor and enhancer screens which cause the formation of specific type of tumor. In addition to the features of zebrafish mentioned above, it requires very low space and maintenance cost. Tumorigenesis is a multistep process induced by chemical carcinogen [52], with accumulation of both epigenetic aberrations and mutations in regulatory regions of genes and disorder of signaling pathways [53, 54]. HISTORY 1. A History of Zebrafish as a Model for Understanding the Generation of Behavior The Beginning. The gut of the zebrafish (teleost) and amniotes have structural similarities, but in teleost it is less complex as compared to amniotes [19]. This provides insight into the genetic control of developmental processes in humans because their genomes are similar. Recently advances have been made to study the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) using the zebrafish model. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. The genes (sox2, barx1, gata5, and gata6) which are responsible for the formation of the stomach of zebrafish also resemble with that of amniotes [23]. Since young zebrafish are transparent, scientists can now see some of the most crucial life processes as they happen. The use of zebrafish as a model organism got impetus from the 1990s when it was used to develop two large genetic mutants, one by Nobel Prize winner Christiane Nusslein-Volhard in Tubingen, Germany, and the other by Wolfgang Driever and Mark Fishman in Boston, USA. It is only 50 years later after an increased rise of interest for zebrafish as an animal model that George Streisinger began a genetic screen of zebrafish using gamma-rays to cause random mutations in … Subsequently, a large variety of creative approaches were used to develop disease models that are used to study developmental disorders, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and many other conditions. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model Organism, Current Trends in Cancer Management, Liliana Streba, Dan Ionut Gheonea and Michael Schenker, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.81517. Classically, the zebrafish model organism has been used to elucidate the genetic and cellular mechanisms related to development since the embryo forms and grows externally following fertilization. DISTRIBUTION 6 7. In larvae, access to developing vasculature through fluorophore-tagged strains and small size of zebrafish makes the use of high-throughput strategies possible. The process of drug discovery is divided into four main components: screening of lead compounds, target identification, target validation, and assay development [96]. At this stage, very limited therapeutic options are available, and melanoma frequently deteriorates and becomes untreatable [73, 74]. The process of target identification involves the recognition of target gene or protein which when modulated by a drug can have positive effects on the progression of disease. Enteric neural crest cell (ENCC) migration along the gut in zebrafish is also similar with that in amniotes. These include neurological disorders [104], hematological disorder [105, 106], cardiovascular diseases [107], muscle disease [108] and cancers [109, 110], Parkinson’s disease [111], anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder [112]. Cancer is a cursed reality for millions of humans worldwide and in fact for all vertebrates. The same approach was adopted to compare the development of blood and lymphatic vasculatures in zebrafish [35]. cSCC accounts for the most frequent type of non-melanoma cutaneous cancer and constitutes about 20% of all skin malignancies [75, 76]. -- The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is perhaps the model organism with the fastest rising popularity in science right now. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) develops in various places such as the oropharynx and laryngopharynx which is very common worldwide [77]. The zebrafish as an alternative model for angiogenesis and regeneration studies provides the relevance of in vivo assays with simplicity and versatility of in vitro assays. The zebrafish model also has been used to know the organ function assays and assessment of drug effect [84]. The impact of various proangiogenic compounds like simvastatine or penicillamine20 or antiangiogenic compounds like vandetanib or PTK787 can be assessed well and visualized through the development of the vascular system in transparent zebrafish embryo [84]. Zebrafish have been introduced to parts of the United States. Because of this reason, the development and the capability of the formation of blood vessels within the tumor determine the malignancy of the cancer as well as influence the therapeutic effects and prognosis. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Treatment with terfenadine and clomipramine caused severe impairment of cardiac functions, edema, hemorrhage, arrested heartbeat, and even death. Contact our London head office or media team here. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM. Model organisms are not organisms that get dressed up and pose for pictures (although that would be cool). After identification of possible target, the validation process of target begins through determination of protein function and assessment of the druggability of the target [84, 97, 98, 99]. Realizing the importance of zebrafish model, Grunwald and Eisen used this developmental model to study the segmental structure of the brain and characterized neurons in zebrafish for the first time in a vertebrate model [17]. [94] developed a test in which susceptible zebrafish was used to detect small molecule-induced mutagenesis. Zebrafish model also has been used in the study of angiogenesis and regeneration. ZebrafishasanExperimental Organism Corinne Houart,King’s College, London, UK The zebrafish became, in the last decade, a model organism of choice to study vertebrate development. In one of the experiments, the injected fluorescent microsphere was detected when lumenization and anastomosis of the vascular network were complete [34]. They are also very cheap; however, they do require more space than other model organisms such as flies. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. 7 8. By using confocal microscopy and time-lapse imaging, the detailed morphogenetic movements and cell shape changes can be carried out in live specimens [31]. Depending on conditions, the lifespan of zebrafish ranges from 3 to 5 years. Inadequate maintenance leads to the development of many disorders like tissue ischemia, inflammatory disorders, retinopathies, excessive vascular growth, or abnormal remodeling that promotes cancer [30]. These cells migrate individually or in groups and assemble into the vessel in response to chemokine signaling [42]. Farmanur Rahman Khan and Saleh Sulaiman Alhewairini (November 27th 2018). Dr Caroline Brennan, from Queen Mary University of London, tells the NC3Rs the top five reasons why zebrafish are her model of choice. Haber: Mirko Rosenau/Shutterstock Zebrafish are widely used in research due to their numerous beneficial properties. She wants to use developmental models that can uncover broader regulatory mechanisms applicable to disease, especially those in which developmental pathways are reactivated, such as in cancer. Clinically and pathologically this dreaded disease is present almost exclusively in all vertebrates, from fish to humans. The zebrafish model is used commercially in many areas of aquaculture such as in the identification of genes involved in the development of the muscles, bones, and fats, the metabolism of nutrients, disease, and stress pathways and also behavioral traits. Methylation of DNA at CpG dinucleotides is an important component of epigenetic gene expression regulation [55] that causes the modulation of protein-DNA interactions [56, 57]. [10]. BIOGRAPHY Ronald Plasterk, is a Dutch politician of the Labour Party and successful scientist and molecular genetics. Maintenance Firstly, Zebrafish are very robust and easy to maintain. Through the transparent zebrafish embryo, various cardiac functions like heart rate, rhythm, contraction, circulation, etc. Native to South Asia, it is a popular aquarium fish, frequently sold under the trade name zebra danio (and thus often called a " tropical fish " although both tropical and subtropical). 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