It is colder inside some craters near the lunar poles than it is on the surface of Pluto (25K, or -415F). Quartzite is composed of quartz sand grains. Foliated textures show a distinct planar character. Therefore, older surfaces have more impact craters. The crater retention age on the ejecta of the unnamed crater is 3.7 Ga which suggests that the crater likely formed during the Noachian-Hesperian period boundary or earlier. Procedures and Questions: Part 5
Finally, let's examine Apollinaris Patera and surrounding region. Fragments of the Canyon Diablo meteorite were found inside the crater. Metamorphic Rock Identification ChartTEXTUREFOLIATIONCOMPOSITIONTYPEPARENT ROCKROCK NAMEFoliatedslatymicaRegionalMudstoneSlatephylliticquartz, mica, chloriteRegionalMudstonePhylliteschistosemica, quartzRegionalSlateSchistschistoseamphibole, plagioclaseRegionalBasalt or GabbroAmphibolitegneissic bandingfeldspar, mica, quartzRegionalSchistGneissNon-FoliatedcarbonContact or RegionalBituminous CoalAnthracite Coalquartz, rock fragmentsContact or RegionalConglomerateMetaconglomeratecalciteContact or RegionalLimestoneMarblequartzContact or RegionalSandstoneQuartzite
Mars Surface Introduction
In many ways Mars is similar to Earth. Kathleen Mark: Meteorite Craters. For the roughly 200 established terrestrial impact structures neither a comet nor a rubble pile asteroid could definitely be shown to have been the impactor. Nrdlinger Ries. Partner, Earth and Space Science News for Educators. Fig. rought The right side of Figure 12.4 shows a rift zone on Venus. Quartz has a hardness of 7, which makes it difficult to scratch. 13) hits the earth? Sometimes the force of the impact is great enough to melt some of the local rock. Cooling of the magma can occur beneath the surface (plutonic) or on the surface (volcanic). Reuyl, an early Hesperian crater, provides evidence for diverse fluvial events; Alluvial fans, channels, orthogonally superposed deposits, fan deposits with incised channels, and large deposits suggest fluvial activity; Two sinuous ridges associated with the alluvial fan on the crater floor are the oldest features of fluvial origin Note: This is a large Adobe Acrobat PDF file: "craters_activity.pdf" (8.5 Mb), so you may want to download to your computer. An extensive blanket of ejecta covers the area around the rim. This image shows a simple crater on Mars that has no central peak or terraces around its edges. Justify your answer. Impact craters are relatively shallow, so these "dents" in Earth's rocky . Kaali Crater Field. One of the most well-known craters on Earth is Meteor Crater, which is near Winslow, Arizona. 4. )y&bS_jW+|z6ADS FZM+q&+rVim#yHNO 8tU#T.f-[`of=XzuEvr+Ll[fXt
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UGs@wc A central-uplift (central peak) crater (Gow, Canada, 4 km diameter). Note the remarkable difference to the crater-projectile ratio in Fig. 4) What process do you think formed Apollinaris Patera, marked A? Valley systems cut through many of the cratered terrains of Mars and have characteristics analogous to water-cut valleys on Earth. This can be easily confused with a crystal face and is the most difficult properties for students to master.ColorVisible light spectrum radiation reflected from a mineral.Look at the sample and determine its color - white, black, green, clear, etc.Crystal FormGeometric shape of a crystal or mineral.Examine and describe the geometric shape of the mineral - cubic, hexagonal, etc. (not recommended in an introductory lab - you don't know who has handled or licked the sample before you).Other PropertiesFluorescence, RadioactivityRequires special equipment such as a UV lamp and geiger counter. (Viking image 645A57)
6. Not a model for impact crater formation. 2 0 obj
Larger impacts also still occur, but these are much more rare. Based on the number and morphology of craters, is this a relatively old or young region of Mars? Look this information up in your lab manual once the mineral has been identified.StreakColor of the mineral when it is powdered.Grind a small amount of a mineral into a powder on a porcelain streak plate and determine the color of the powder.TasteNerve ending reaction in the tongue to different chemicals.Lick the mineral. 10 0 obj
The excavation stage of impact cratering. Fig. Tenoumer Crater. Material Type: Lab; Class: Sci Thought/Processes I; Subject: Honors Program; University: George Mason University; Term: Unknown 1989; Explain why you believe this is so. Over the course of a few hundred million years, the planet began to cool and oceans of liquid water formed. How does the mass of the projectile affect the cratering process? Fig. (Viking MDIM mosaic 211-5360)
1. Justify your answer? Moreover, the principles of superposition and cross-cutting relations indicate that a feature which at least partly covers another feature is the younger. Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? Copernicus is a large crater (93 kilometers or 60 miles wide) on the Moon. This portion of the Moon is covered by numerous circular holes. e. Tswaing Crater. Look for areas where the light reflects from planar surfaces. The Earth used to look just like that.. April 8, 2015. Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? endobj
The four major geologic processes (gradation, impact cratering, tectonism, and volcanism) each produce distinct landforms. As a rule of thumb, older surfaces have been exposed to impacting bodies (meteoroids, asteroids, and comets) for a longer period of time than younger surfaces. Location: 24S, 245W. Olympus Mons is only one of four huge volcanoes in a 3000 km-wide region called Tharsis. Impact basins are very large impact structures that are more than 300 kilometers (185 miles) in diameter. The rule of thumb holds roughly true also for small-scale hypervelocity impact craters produced in the laboratory (Fig. a hole in the ground made by the explosion of a bomb or shell. They concluded this from the already mentioned prevailing frequency of oblique impact trajectories leading in the majority, in their opinion, to craters of elliptical shape. Sometimes, impact structures are distinguished from impact craters by their weak morphological signature compared with a true crater. 17 0 obj
Earth continues to be a target and contrary to popular opinion, the Moon does not act as a meteoroid deflector (it is too small and too distant!). This icy bedrock is potentially unstable, and some impact craters may relax or fade away to unrecognition due to water ice's volatility and weak but strongly temperature dependent rheology. Complex craters are large craters with complicated features. Degraded craters -- Craters that have become eroded due to weathering, lava flows, impacting, or downslope movement of material. Computer simulations show that the modification process may already begin before standstill of the excavation leading to large-scale countermovement of rock masses. e. <>
ERNSTSON CLAUDIN IMPACT STRUCTURES METEORITE CRATERS, Research on impact geology, geophysics, petrology, and impact cratering. Download Citation | On Jan 1, 2014, Teasel Muir-Harmony published Reuyl, Dirk | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate. The force of the impacts create circular structures with raised rimmed wall; spatters of mud and smaller circular secondary craters may be seen (Fig. 22. We can also see an inverted channel system, possibly ponded toward the southwest. Typically bowl-shaped craters. Justify your answer. It is true meteorites crashing as stones from the sky at free-fall velocity may in fact produce small craters in the ground similar to mud and hailstone craters. Gypsum is relatively soft (Hardness =2) and can be scratched easily with a fingernail. Smaller planets have less gravitational "pull" than large planets; impactors will strike at lower speeds. On relieving of pressure, there is an elastic rebound at the crater floor now hosting a layer of brecciated rocks. This lab is an adaptation of an adaptation by Richard Harwood based upon the original NASA resource: A Teacher's Guide with Activities in Physical and Earth Sciences for Planetary Geology,: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998, EG-1998-03-109, p. 238. {u/
8`&_@ug,jbAM$[$oPocqM9K'5u"gY2;!1Nb$NfMc,cl9{=ZY6m#v]b1$m|"^K)Ks7q~B-=Cdl/)q&eHdiT) %Iwd`y\*/[Cr|R>/cRN]UyYIcF8`wiaV>bzw]'b+DZbV;zdge4e=00%9)q@B|~1QV, V=~ERZRm -Y Consult your lab manual for detailed discussion. d. Maadim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Maadim Vallis? Fig. It was named after British astronomer Axel Firsoff, and the name was approved in 2010.. Parts of the crater display many layers, as do some of the other craters in the region. h_X CJ h_X 5B* CJ ph h \ What are the different kinds of craters? xZms|fl d;NrHIM. Around its base is a steep cliff as high as 6 km. 6 0 obj
How can you tell? Students, staff, and faculty at Stony Brook University are hard at work gathering data on the history of Mars. These volcanoes erupted repeatedly over many millions of years, growing higher with each lava flow. Since tectonic plate movements has erased much of Earths crater record, the answers to the lingering questions about crater formation and timelines lie in the exquisitely preserved craters on the moon. Although the rift zone appears almost flat in the image, the topography of this area is more like the Grand Canyon of . 1). Marble is composed of calcite and will readily react to a small drop of HCl. Chemical sedimentary rocks are identified by identifying the mineral from which they are composed. Aphanitic texture is a fine grained texture but the crystals are too small to see. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 5)? Fig. Slaty cleavage is composed of platy minerals that are too small to see. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars would have formed last, when the Sun was far calmer. Biologic sedimentary rocks are which form as the result of the accumulation of organic material or biologic activity. The shock wave fractures the rock and excavates a large cavity (much larger than the impactor). But no matter at what angle it makes contact, the enormous amount of kinetic energy the projectile carries immediately transfers to the target rock it hits, triggering powerful shock waves. Three types of sedimentary rock "texture" are clastic, chemical, and biologic. [Hint: use the principle of cross-cutting relations to justify your answer.] Meteorite impact spallation: from mega- to micro-scale, The suevite layer outcrop near Fuentes Calientes, Rubielos de la Crida impact basin (Spain), Selection of other publications of interest, New article on the geology of the Iberian System, Understanding the Impact Cratering Process: a Simple Approach, Making impacts: experimental hypervelocity crater generation, Earth Impact Database - Database of Earth Impact Structures - Meteorite Craters, Impact structure and meteorite crater glossary. Fig. The Moon lacks water, an atmosphere, and tectonic activity, three forces that erode Earth's surface and erase all but the most recent impacts. Known as one of the best-preserved impact craters on Earth, it is 180 meters (590 feet) deep and 1.2 kilometers (0.75 miles) in diameter. Privacy Policy| Larger craters can have terraces, central peaks, and multiple rings. Calcite readily reacts with a small drop of HCl. Based on your observations, what is the probable order of occurrence of A, B, C, and D in Figure 5 (i.e., which came first, second, third, last)? <>
If an impactor is large enough, some of the material pushed toward the edges of the crater will slump back toward the center and the rock beneath the crater will rebound, or push back up, creating a central peak in the crater. This means that the minerals in the rock are all aligned with each other. 6. 1 0 obj
Were still searching for a clue to deduce that.. Measure and record the east-west and north-south diameters. Phyllitic foliation is composed of platy minerals that are slightly larger than those found in slaty cleavage, but generally are still too small to see with the unaided eye. : Impact cratering. ExDsD ;;8-E:(] I noticed the young crater has an odd shape, non-circular, almost diamond-shaped. Vesicular texture is formed when lava solidifies before gases are able to escape. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 17 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>>
This, however, requires chemical equipment and apparatus that is unavailable in this lab. Obsidian is volcanic glass which erupts as a lava flow. 12. Justify your answer. This especially concerned also the vaporization of the impactor by shock-induced temperatures and, at that time, let the mining engineers helpless when they did not encounter the expected 50 m-diameter iron meteorite beneath the floor of the Barringer (Meteorite) crater. Mars, like the Earth, has seasons. <>
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