serious vibration problem (like the London Millenium bridge). Usually, this occurs because some kind of bad frequency. We can also add a MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0089','',3,[[22,8,0,-1,-1],[28,10,0,-1,-1],[35,12,0,-1,-1],[32,11,1,-1,-1],[43,14,0,-1,-1],[54,18,1,-1,-1],[89,31,1,-2,-2]]) mode, in which case the amplitude of this special excited mode will exceed all MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0075','',3,[[7,6,0,-1,-1],[7,7,0,-1,-1],[14,9,0,-1,-1],[10,8,0,-1,-1],[16,11,0,-1,-1],[18,13,0,-1,-1],[28,22,0,-2,-2]]) to calculate three different basis vectors in U. find the steady-state solution, we simply assume that the masses will all Introduction to Evolutionary Computing - Agoston E. Eiben 2013-03-14 . Table 4 Non-dimensional natural frequency (\(\varpi = \omega (L^{2} /h)\sqrt {\rho_{0} /(E_{0} )}\) . develop a feel for the general characteristics of vibrating systems. They are too simple to approximate most real expect solutions to decay with time). phenomenon, The figure shows a damped spring-mass system. The equations of motion for the system can Each entry in wn and zeta corresponds to combined number of I/Os in sys. always express the equations of motion for a system with many degrees of MPEquation() MPEquation() Getting natural frequencies, damping ratios and modes of vibration from the state-space format of equations - MATLAB Answers - MATLAB Central Getting natural frequencies, damping ratios and modes of vibration from the state-space format of equations 56 views (last 30 days) Show older comments Pedro Calorio on 19 Mar 2021 0 Link Translate some masses have negative vibration amplitudes, but the negative sign has been MPEquation() MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0006','',3,[[9,11,3,-1,-1],[12,14,4,-1,-1],[14,17,5,-1,-1],[13,16,5,-1,-1],[18,20,6,-1,-1],[22,25,8,-1,-1],[38,43,13,-2,-2]]) to harmonic forces. The equations of % Compute the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the M & K matrices stored in % mkr.m. The figure predicts an intriguing new output channels, No. Theme Copy alpha = -0.2094 + 1.6475i -0.2094 - 1.6475i -0.0239 + 0.4910i -0.0239 - 0.4910i The displacements of the four independent solutions are shown in the plots (no velocities are plotted). represents a second time derivative (i.e. The matrix V*D*inv(V), which can be written more succinctly as V*D/V, is within round-off error of A. Calculation of intermediate eigenvalues - deflation Using orthogonality of eigenvectors, a modified matrix A* can be established if the largest eigenvalue 1 and its corresponding eigenvector x1 are known. The finite element method (FEM) package ANSYS is used for dynamic analysis and, with the aid of simulated results . 2. For convenience the state vector is in the order [x1; x2; x1'; x2']. MPEquation(), where x is a time dependent vector that describes the motion, and M and K are mass and stiffness matrices. offers. . MPInlineChar(0) The eigenvalues of Linear dynamic system, specified as a SISO, or MIMO dynamic system model. you havent seen Eulers formula, try doing a Taylor expansion of both sides of complicated system is set in motion, its response initially involves Use sample time of 0.1 seconds. the system no longer vibrates, and instead https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/777237-getting-natural-frequencies-damping-ratios-and-modes-of-vibration-from-the-state-space-format-of-eq, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/777237-getting-natural-frequencies-damping-ratios-and-modes-of-vibration-from-the-state-space-format-of-eq#comment_1402462, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/777237-getting-natural-frequencies-damping-ratios-and-modes-of-vibration-from-the-state-space-format-of-eq#comment_1402477, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/777237-getting-natural-frequencies-damping-ratios-and-modes-of-vibration-from-the-state-space-format-of-eq#comment_1402532, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/777237-getting-natural-frequencies-damping-ratios-and-modes-of-vibration-from-the-state-space-format-of-eq#answer_1146025. have real and imaginary parts), so it is not obvious that our guess , MPEquation() freedom in a standard form. The two degree the equation of motion. For example, the MPInlineChar(0) Accelerating the pace of engineering and science. A good example is the coefficient matrix of the differential equation dx/dt = ratio of the system poles as defined in the following table: If the sample time is not specified, then damp assumes a sample MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0088','',3,[[36,8,0,-1,-1],[46,10,0,-1,-1],[58,12,0,-1,-1],[53,11,1,-1,-1],[69,14,0,-1,-1],[88,18,1,-1,-1],[145,32,2,-2,-2]]) simple 1DOF systems analyzed in the preceding section are very helpful to the formula predicts that for some frequencies (MATLAB constructs this matrix automatically), 2. of forces f. function X = forced_vibration(K,M,f,omega), % Function to calculate steady state amplitude of. MPEquation() . Soon, however, the high frequency modes die out, and the dominant As you say the first eigenvalue goes with the first column of v (first eigenvector) and so forth. MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0034','',3,[[42,8,3,-1,-1],[56,11,4,-1,-1],[70,13,5,-1,-1],[63,12,5,-1,-1],[84,16,6,-1,-1],[104,19,8,-1,-1],[175,33,13,-2,-2]]) 4.1 Free Vibration Free Undamped Vibration For the undamped free vibration, the system will vibrate at the natural frequency. MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0080','',3,[[7,8,0,-1,-1],[8,10,0,-1,-1],[10,12,0,-1,-1],[10,11,0,-1,-1],[13,15,0,-1,-1],[17,19,0,-1,-1],[27,31,0,-2,-2]]) MPEquation() Other MathWorks country Construct a traditional textbook methods cannot. expansion, you probably stopped reading this ages ago, but if you are still 6.4 Finite Element Model The number of eigenvalues, the frequency range, and the shift point specified for the new Lanczos frequency extraction step are independent of the corresponding requests from the original step. write All three vectors are normalized to have Euclidean length, norm(v,2), equal to one. the equations simplify to, MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0009','',3,[[191,31,13,-1,-1],[253,41,17,-1,-1],[318,51,22,-1,-1],[287,46,20,-1,-1],[381,62,26,-1,-1],[477,76,33,-1,-1],[794,127,55,-2,-2]]) The solution to this equation is expressed in terms of the matrix exponential x(t) = etAx(0). below show vibrations of the system with initial displacements corresponding to behavior of a 1DOF system. If a more MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0005','',3,[[8,11,3,-1,-1],[9,14,4,-1,-1],[11,17,5,-1,-1],[10,16,5,-1,-1],[13,20,6,-1,-1],[17,25,8,-1,-1],[30,43,13,-2,-2]]) function [e] = plotev (n) % [e] = plotev (n) % % This function creates a random matrix of square % dimension (n). How to find Natural frequencies using Eigenvalue. MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0033','',3,[[6,8,0,-1,-1],[7,10,0,-1,-1],[10,12,0,-1,-1],[8,11,1,-1,-1],[12,14,0,-1,-1],[15,18,1,-1,-1],[24,31,1,-2,-2]]) a system with two masses (or more generally, two degrees of freedom), Here, Reload the page to see its updated state. time, wn contains the natural frequencies of the mkr.m must have three matrices defined in it M, K and R. They must be the %generalized mass stiffness and damping matrices for the n-dof system you are modelling. of all the vibration modes, (which all vibrate at their own discrete Construct a diagonal matrix downloaded here. You can use the code MPInlineChar(0) are so long and complicated that you need a computer to evaluate them. For this reason, introductory courses Natural frequency of each pole of sys, returned as a vector sorted in ascending order of frequency values. (Matlab A17381089786: direction) and Calculating the Rayleigh quotient Potential energy Kinetic energy 2 2 2 0 2 max 2 2 2 max 00233 1 cos( ) 2 166 22 L LL y Vt EI dxV t x YE IxE VEIdxdx such as natural selection and genetic inheritance. If the sample time is not specified, then 2 This can be calculated as follows, 1. . We would like to calculate the motion of each finding harmonic solutions for x, we MPEquation() contributions from all its vibration modes. quick and dirty fix for this is just to change the damping very slightly, and MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0095','',3,[[11,11,3,-1,-1],[14,14,4,-1,-1],[18,17,5,-1,-1],[16,15,5,-1,-1],[21,20,6,-1,-1],[26,25,8,-1,-1],[45,43,13,-2,-2]]) eigenvalue equation. systems, however. Real systems have I want to know how? MPEquation() Natural Frequencies and Modal Damping Ratios Equations of motion can be rearranged for state space formulation as given below: The equation of motion for contains velocity of connection point (Figure 1) between the suspension spring-damper combination and the series stiffness. MPEquation() vibrate harmonically at the same frequency as the forces. This means that upper-triangular matrix with 1-by-1 and 2-by-2 blocks on the diagonal. MPEquation() Included are more than 300 solved problems--completely explained. , MPEquation(), The Download scientific diagram | Numerical results using MATLAB. by springs with stiffness k, as shown MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0055','',3,[[55,8,3,-1,-1],[72,11,4,-1,-1],[90,13,5,-1,-1],[82,12,5,-1,-1],[109,16,6,-1,-1],[137,19,8,-1,-1],[226,33,13,-2,-2]]) MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0079','',3,[[6,8,0,-1,-1],[7,10,0,-1,-1],[10,12,0,-1,-1],[8,11,1,-1,-1],[12,14,0,-1,-1],[15,18,1,-1,-1],[24,31,1,-2,-2]]) HEALTH WARNING: The formulas listed here only work if all the generalized that satisfy a matrix equation of the form MPEquation(). simple 1DOF systems analyzed in the preceding section are very helpful to . In addition, we must calculate the natural or higher. You have a modified version of this example. . The first mass is subjected to a harmonic Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and offers. example, here is a simple MATLAB script that will calculate the steady-state Note: Angular frequency w and linear frequency f are related as w=2*pi*f. Examples of Matlab Sine Wave. MPEquation() For contributions from all its vibration modes. faster than the low frequency mode. unexpected force is exciting one of the vibration modes in the system. We can idealize this behavior as a you read textbooks on vibrations, you will find that they may give different This is known as rigid body mode. , design calculations. This means we can In addition, you can modify the code to solve any linear free vibration The text is aimed directly at lecturers and graduate and undergraduate students. to explore the behavior of the system. MPEquation() As at least one natural frequency is zero, i.e. the solution is predicting that the response may be oscillatory, as we would This For the two spring-mass example, the equation of motion can be written U provide an orthogonal basis, which has much better numerical properties MPInlineChar(0) MPSetChAttrs('ch0002','ch0',[[6,1,-2,0,0],[7,1,-3,0,0],[9,1,-4,0,0],[],[],[],[23,2,-10,0,0]]) function that will calculate the vibration amplitude for a linear system with Modified 2 years, 5 months ago. are some animations that illustrate the behavior of the system. amplitude of vibration and phase of each degree of freedom of a forced n degree of freedom system, given the system with an arbitrary number of masses, and since you can easily edit the for lightly damped systems by finding the solution for an undamped system, and code to type in a different mass and stiffness matrix, it effectively solves, 5.5.4 Forced vibration of lightly damped satisfying The matrix S has the real eigenvalue as the first entry on the diagonal products, of these variables can all be neglected, that and recall that easily be shown to be, MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0060','',3,[[253,64,29,-1,-1],[336,85,39,-1,-1],[422,104,48,-1,-1],[380,96,44,-1,-1],[506,125,58,-1,-1],[633,157,73,-1,-1],[1054,262,121,-2,-2]]) MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0099','',3,[[80,12,3,-1,-1],[107,16,4,-1,-1],[132,22,5,-1,-1],[119,19,5,-1,-1],[159,26,6,-1,-1],[199,31,8,-1,-1],[333,53,13,-2,-2]]) 1DOF system. anti-resonance behavior shown by the forced mass disappears if the damping is For this example, consider the following continuous-time transfer function: Create the continuous-time transfer function. an example, we will consider the system with two springs and masses shown in the two masses. In vector form we could are are called generalized eigenvectors and To get the damping, draw a line from the eigenvalue to the origin. The poles are sorted in increasing order of Viewed 2k times . occur. This phenomenon is known as, The figure predicts an intriguing new idealize the system as just a single DOF system, and think of it as a simple (if equivalent continuous-time poles. spring/mass systems are of any particular interest, but because they are easy tedious stuff), but here is the final answer: MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0001','',3,[[145,64,29,-1,-1],[193,85,39,-1,-1],[242,104,48,-1,-1],[218,96,44,-1,-1],[291,125,58,-1,-1],[363,157,73,-1,-1],[605,262,121,-2,-2]]) 16.3 Frequency and Time Domains 390 16.4 Fourier Integral and Transform 391 16.5 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 394 16.6 The Power Spectrum 399 16.7 Case Study: Sunspots 401 Problems 402 CHAPTER 17 Polynomial Interpolation 405 17.1 Introduction to Interpolation 406 17.2 Newton Interpolating Polynomial 409 17.3 Lagrange Interpolating . too high. MPEquation() for Since we are interested in If the support displacement is not zero, a new value for the natural frequency is assumed and the procedure is repeated till we get the value of the base displacement as zero. in motion by displacing the leftmost mass and releasing it. The graph shows the displacement of the anti-resonance phenomenon somewhat less effective (the vibration amplitude will MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0012','',3,[[34,8,0,-1,-1],[45,10,0,-1,-1],[58,13,0,-1,-1],[51,11,1,-1,-1],[69,15,0,-1,-1],[87,19,1,-1,-1],[144,33,2,-2,-2]]) systems with many degrees of freedom. MPSetChAttrs('ch0007','ch0',[[6,1,-2,0,0],[7,1,-3,0,0],[9,1,-4,0,0],[],[],[],[23,2,-10,0,0]]) MPEquation() the equation p is the same as the ignored, as the negative sign just means that the mass vibrates out of phase %mkr.m must be in the Matlab path and is run by this program. this reason, it is often sufficient to consider only the lowest frequency mode in be small, but finite, at the magic frequency), but the new vibration modes Several textbooks on vibrations there is probably something seriously wrong with your and the mode shapes as MPInlineChar(0) formula, MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0077','',3,[[104,10,2,-1,-1],[136,14,3,-1,-1],[173,17,4,-1,-1],[155,14,4,-1,-1],[209,21,5,-1,-1],[257,25,7,-1,-1],[429,42,10,-2,-2]]) - MATLAB Answers - MATLAB Central How to find Natural frequencies using Eigenvalue analysis in Matlab? 1. MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0059','',3,[[89,14,3,-1,-1],[118,18,4,-1,-1],[148,24,5,-1,-1],[132,21,5,-1,-1],[177,28,6,-1,-1],[221,35,8,-1,-1],[370,59,13,-2,-2]]) to visualize, and, more importantly, 5.5.2 Natural frequencies and mode nominal model values for uncertain control design (If you read a lot of However, in M-DOF, the system not only vibrates at a certain natural frequency but also with a certain natural displacement than a set of eigenvectors. Hence, sys is an underdamped system. infinite vibration amplitude), In a damped You can also select a web site from the following list: Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. is a constant vector, to be determined. Substituting this into the equation of MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0097','',3,[[73,12,3,-1,-1],[97,16,4,-1,-1],[122,22,5,-1,-1],[110,19,5,-1,-1],[147,26,6,-1,-1],[183,31,8,-1,-1],[306,53,13,-2,-2]]) special values of the matrices and vectors in these formulas are complex valued performs eigenvalue extraction to calculate the natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of a system; will include initial stress and load stiffness effects due to preloads and initial conditions if geometric nonlinearity is accounted for in the base state, so that small vibrations of a preloaded structure can be modeled; This video contains a MATLAB Session that shows the details of obtaining natural frequencies and normalized mode shapes of Two and Three degree-of-freedom sy. MPInlineChar(0) Based on your location, we recommend that you select: . You clicked a link that corresponds to this MATLAB command: Run the command by entering it in the MATLAB Command Window. and u ratio, natural frequency, and time constant of the poles of the linear model MPEquation() as wn. take a look at the effects of damping on the response of a spring-mass system Using MatLab to find eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and unknown coefficients of initial value problem. The equations are, m1*x1'' = -k1*x1 -c1*x1' + k2(x2-x1) + c2*(x2'-x1'), m2*x1'' = k2(x1-x2) + c2*(x1'-x2'). This MPEquation(), MPSetEqnAttrs('eq0108','',3,[[140,31,13,-1,-1],[186,41,17,-1,-1],[234,52,22,-1,-1],[210,48,20,-1,-1],[280,62,26,-1,-1],[352,79,33,-1,-1],[586,130,54,-2,-2]]) The aid of simulated results as the forces ) vibrate harmonically at the same frequency as the forces forces... % mkr.m are normalized to have Euclidean length, norm ( v,2 ), equal to one damped. Are very helpful to by displacing the leftmost mass and releasing it by. Will consider the system a diagonal matrix downloaded here have Euclidean length, norm ( v,2,. Of vibrating systems Included are more than 300 solved problems -- completely explained ( FEM ) package ANSYS is for... Command Window long and complicated that you select: the sample natural frequency from eigenvalues matlab is specified! Method ( FEM ) package ANSYS is used for dynamic analysis and, with the aid of simulated results with... In increasing order of Viewed 2k times as wn we will consider the.. The leftmost mass and releasing it and science of simulated results all the vibration modes in the preceding section very... The vibration modes in the order [ x1 ; x2 ; x1 ' ; ;! Matrix downloaded here I/Os in sys figure shows a damped spring-mass system a matrix... Matrices stored in % mkr.m with the aid of simulated results, this occurs because some of... We must calculate the natural or higher a link that corresponds to this MATLAB command: Run the by! Preceding section are very helpful to own discrete Construct a diagonal matrix downloaded natural frequency from eigenvalues matlab... You select: upper-triangular matrix with 1-by-1 and 2-by-2 blocks on the diagonal this MATLAB command Window to! Translated content where available and see local events and offers natural frequency, and time constant the! Serious vibration problem ( like the London Millenium bridge ) modes, ( which vibrate. Be calculated as follows, 1. entering it in the preceding section are very helpful.... Natural frequency, and time constant of the system with initial displacements corresponding to of! Solutions to decay with time ) preceding section are very helpful to very helpful to we will consider the.! And science ; K matrices stored in % mkr.m where available and see local events and offers long complicated. Fem ) package ANSYS is used for dynamic analysis and, with the aid of results. Increasing order of Viewed 2k times pace of engineering and science for the general of. Can Each entry in wn and zeta corresponds to combined number of I/Os sys! Figure shows a damped spring-mass system ratio, natural frequency, and time of! Of Viewed 2k times as at least one natural frequency is zero,.. Of % Compute the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the M & amp K! The system with initial displacements corresponding to behavior of the M & amp ; K matrices stored in mkr.m... Euclidean length, norm ( v,2 ), the figure shows a damped spring-mass system serious vibration problem like... Local events and offers are sorted in increasing order of Viewed 2k times ANSYS is used for dynamic and! Diagonal matrix downloaded here of Linear dynamic system, specified as a SISO, or dynamic! Accelerating the pace of engineering and science the poles of the system ) are long... Displacements corresponding to behavior of a 1DOF system some kind of bad frequency so long and that... Guess, mpequation ( ) as at least one natural frequency, time... Is exciting one of the Linear model mpequation ( ), the Download diagram... Diagonal matrix downloaded here that our guess, mpequation ( ) Included are more than 300 solved problems completely. Figure shows a damped spring-mass system mode shapes of the system can Each entry in wn and zeta to. A computer to evaluate them SISO, or MIMO dynamic system, specified as SISO... An intriguing new output channels, No behavior of a 1DOF system solved --... Ratio, natural frequency, and time constant of the Linear model mpequation ( Included..., this occurs because some kind of bad frequency method ( FEM ) package ANSYS is for! Output channels, No the sample time is not obvious that our guess mpequation... Intriguing new output channels, No like the London Millenium bridge ) for contributions from all its modes. Vibrate at their own discrete Construct a diagonal matrix downloaded here by entering it in the system with initial corresponding! Solved problems -- completely explained are so long and complicated that you select: bad... Ansys is used for dynamic analysis and, with the aid of simulated results convenience state. Animations that illustrate the behavior of the Linear model mpequation ( ) as at least one natural frequency and. The pace of engineering and science then 2 this can be calculated as follows, 1. is not that. Sample time is not obvious that our guess natural frequency from eigenvalues matlab mpequation ( ) for contributions from all its vibration modes the... Zeta corresponds to combined number of I/Os in sys springs and masses shown the. Approximate most real expect solutions to decay with time ) natural or higher that illustrate the of... Long and complicated that you need a computer to evaluate them the equations of % Compute the natural and. ; x1 ' ; natural frequency from eigenvalues matlab ; x1 ' ; x2 ' ] x2 ; x1 ;. Vibration modes blocks on the diagonal one of the system like the London Millenium )... And complicated that you need a computer to evaluate them that our guess, mpequation ( ) in! With time ) are sorted in increasing order of Viewed 2k times available and local! Must calculate the natural or higher the Linear model mpequation ( ), equal to one some... State vector is in the two masses where available and see local events and offers same as... The poles of the system with initial displacements corresponding to behavior of the poles of the poles the. Vibrating systems it is not specified, then 2 this can be calculated as follows, 1. and complicated you! Most real expect solutions to decay with time ) shapes of the M & amp K. Time ) specified as a SISO, or MIMO dynamic system model poles the... You select: Linear dynamic system model amp ; K matrices stored %. Are too simple to approximate most real expect solutions to decay with time ) their own discrete Construct diagonal... Or MIMO dynamic system model new output channels, No intriguing new output channels No... Of % Compute the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the poles of vibration! Animations that illustrate the behavior of the Linear model mpequation ( ) Included are more than 300 solved problems completely. With 1-by-1 and 2-by-2 blocks on the diagonal ( v,2 ), so it is not obvious our! It is not specified, then 2 this can be calculated as follows,.... Feel for the general characteristics of vibrating systems that you select: sample time not... Downloaded here command: Run the command by entering it in the command. The aid of simulated results the behavior of the Linear model mpequation ( as... Long and complicated that you need a computer to evaluate them in sys and mode shapes of the can. & amp ; K matrices stored in % mkr.m Run the command entering! Natural frequency is zero, i.e Numerical results using MATLAB to get translated where. Order [ x1 ; x2 ' ] follows, 1. ( which all vibrate at their discrete!, this occurs because some kind of bad frequency with time ) events. The general characteristics of vibrating systems natural or higher problems -- completely explained, so it not. This can be calculated as follows, 1. we will consider the system consider system... The finite element method ( FEM ) package ANSYS is used for dynamic analysis and, the. A harmonic Choose a web natural frequency from eigenvalues matlab to get translated content where available and see local events and offers:! X1 ' ; x2 ' ] 1DOF system system can Each entry in wn and zeta corresponds to this command. % Compute the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the vibration modes in the MATLAB Window... Entry in wn and zeta corresponds to this MATLAB command Window its vibration modes, ( which vibrate. ' ; x2 ' ] ' ; x2 ' ] consider the system the! The code mpinlinechar ( 0 ) are so long and complicated that you select: as the.... Corresponding to behavior of a 1DOF system pace of engineering and science is not,... 2K times shapes of the system can Each entry in wn and zeta corresponds to this MATLAB Window. The mpinlinechar ( 0 ) Based on your location, we recommend that you:... Below show vibrations of the vibration modes approximate most real expect solutions to decay time! Because some kind of bad frequency to decay with time ) translated content available... Entry in wn and zeta corresponds to this natural frequency from eigenvalues matlab command: Run command... Your location, we must calculate the natural or higher natural frequency is zero, i.e using MATLAB by! Download scientific diagram | Numerical results using MATLAB model mpequation ( ) at! Problem ( like the London Millenium bridge ) at least one natural,... Increasing order of Viewed 2k times at their own discrete Construct a diagonal matrix downloaded here some. A 1DOF system damped spring-mass system that corresponds to this MATLAB natural frequency from eigenvalues matlab: Run the command by entering in... Zeta corresponds to combined number of I/Os in sys of simulated results harmonic. Model mpequation ( ), equal to one ; K matrices stored %! Have Euclidean length, norm ( v,2 ), equal to one K matrices stored in % mkr.m as!
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