On average, thirty will survive through the first molting, because of cannibalism, lack of food, or lack of proper shelter. The actual amount injected, even by a mature female, is variable. Then, before the insect can extricate itself, the spider rushes over to envenomate and wrap it in silk. Marvel. It is rare for more than a hundred to survive this process. University of Hawaii Press (Honolulu). This group is composed of those often loosely called black widow spiders, brown widow spiders, and similar spiders. [20] The tensile strength of spider silk is comparable to that of steel wire of the same thickness. Their scientific name is Latrodectus mactans, and they share the Latrodectus name with several similar spiders (sometimes called "widow spiders). The deadly super-spy from IRON MAN 2, INVINCIBLE IRON MAN and CAPTAIN AMERICA in her own action-packed tale! A young Italian woman inherits from her deceased lover an enigmatic modern house in the New York country side, and goes to see it for the first time. Epidemics of mostly European Widow spider bites had been recorded from 1850 to 1950, and during that time period, deaths were reported from 2/1000 to 50/1000 bites. Female widow spiders have unusually large venom glands and their bite can be particularly harmful to large vertebrates, including humans. When movements of the prey cease, digestive enzymes are released into the wound. Some bites have no venom injected—⁠a "dry" bite. Males are … In the United States each year, about 2,200 people report being bitten by a black widow, but most do not need medical treatment. [8], The southern widow is primarily found in (and is indigenous to) the southeastern United States, ranging as far north as Ohio and as far west as Texas. Black Widow #1 - The Name of the Rose, Part 1 by raineffect on August 12, 2011 Sadly, Natasha has been given quite the shove in recent memory. [15] The spider frequently hangs upside down near the centre of its web and waits for insects to blunder in and get stuck. [24] The LD-50 of L. mactans venom has been measured in mice as 1.39 mg/kg,[25] and separately as 1.30 mg/kg (with a confidence interval of 1.20–2.70). Black widow spiders prefer to nest near the ground in dark and undisturbed areas, usually in small holes produced by animals, or around construction openings or wood piles. In the United States, no deaths due to black widows have been reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers since 1983.

Natasha Romanoff is the super-spy known as the Black Widow! Deaths from the Western Black Widow had been reported as 50/1000 in the 1920s. Black Widow watched on as the Avengers' Quinjet flew towards Red Skull's location, she called someone that they just reunited as a team, and is ordered to pursue them in her own vehicle, wanting to see if they really needed her.Once Black Widow arrived at the destination, she assisted the Avengers in their effort to defeat Red Skull and his HYDRA army. The symptoms are caused by lymphatic absorption and vascular dissemination of the neurotoxin. Latrodectus mactans was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, placing it in the genus Aranea. Many female widows also have an orange or red patch just above the spinnerets on the top of the abdomen. Hawkeye was sent to kill her. [32], Media related to Latrodectus at Wikimedia Commons, List of spiders associated with cutaneous reactions, "Black and brown widow spider bites in South Africa". Spiders of the genus Steatoda (also of the Theridiidae) are often mistaken for widow spiders, and are known as "false widow spiders"; while their bite can be painful, they are significantly less harmful to humans. Her mother threw her out the window to a Russian soldier before dying in the fire. Are Brown Widow Spiders Displacing Black Widows?. The most prevalent species occurring in eastern Asia and Australia is commonly called the redback (Latrodectus hasselti). In Marvel Studios' action-packed spy thriller Black Widow, Natasha Romanoff, aka Black Widow, confronts the darker parts of her ledger when a dangerous conspiracy with ties to her past arises. Some believe this indica/sativa hybrid is the original White Widow; the strain that blew the competition away at the 1995 Cannabis Cup in Amsterdam and still one of the most famous and popular strains around.. 190+xii pp. Females of a few species are paler brown and some have no bright markings. The venom takes about ten minutes to take effect; in the meantime, the prey is held tightly by the spider. The tensile strength for the three kinds of silk measured in the Blackledge study was about 1,000 MPa. ", "2012 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 30th Annual Report", Why Black Widow Spider Venom Is So Potent, "The egg-sac in the Identification of Species of, Description of crossing experiments between various, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latrodectus&oldid=995212662, Articles with failed verification from June 2017, Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 19 December 2020, at 20:56. [3][4][5][6] However, such general "common names" are of limited use as the diversity of species is much greater. [31], Since the venom is not usually life-threatening, antivenom has been used as pain relief and not to save lives. She later revealedherself as Natasha Romanoff, a former KGB operative who was recruited to be aS.H.I.E.L.D agent. [5] Females are shiny and black in color, with a red marking in the shape of an hourglass on the ventral (under) side of her very rounded abdomen. These small spiders have an unusually potent venom containing the neurotoxin latrotoxin, which causes the condition latrodectism, both named after the genus. There are a number of active components in the venom: Tenorio, Joanne M., and Gordon M. Nishida. [13][14] One pathway of entry into Hawaii for at least one of these black widow species is imported produce[15] (which is also considered an important potential pathway for widow spiders elsewhere).[16]. [7] Males are either purple, or closer to the appearance of the juveniles in color. Black Widow Spiders, Praying Mantis, and too many insects to count. With her reputation, she became the master assassin the Black Widow. Name of 'Black Widow' centre of confusion. 1995. Velma Margie Barfield. Latrodectus mactans, known as southern black widow or simply black widow, and the shoe-button spider, is a venomous species of spider in the genus Latrodectus. Aragog. The species is native to North America. Elsewhere, others include the European black widow (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus), the Australian redback black widow (Latrodectus hasseltii), several different species in Southern Africa that can be called Button spiders, and the South American black widow spiders (Latrodectus corallinus and Latrodectus curacaviensis). When a male is mature, he spins a sperm web, deposits semen on it, and charges his palpal bulbs with the sperm. With Willem Dafoe, Giada Colagrande, Seymour Cassel, Isaach De Bankolé. Black Widow’s real name is complicated. (In Canada, northern black widows occur in the southern parts of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Quebec. All of the pencil names and numbers are pre-printed below the swatching segments! 184+7 pp. Black widow spiders reproduce sexually when the male inserts his palpal bulbs into the female's spermathecal openings. Some can be readily identifiable by reddish markings on the central underside (ventral) abdomen, which are often hourglass-shaped. Common usage of the term "black widow" makes no distinction between the three species. The venom is rarely fatal to healthy humans. The venom is rarely fatal to healthy humans.[2]. Black widows, especially Latrodectus mactans, are found throughout much of the world. 2000. [18] Many injuries to humans are due to defensive bites delivered when a spider gets unintentionally squeezed or pinched. Many can have red, white or brown markings on the upper-side (dorsal) of the abdomen. illus. The ultimate strength reported in a previous study for Trichonephila edulis was 1,290 ± 160 MPa. A member of the family Theridiidae, this genus contains 32 species,[7] which include several North American "black widows" (southern black widow Latrodectus mactans, western black widow Latrodectus hesperus, and northern black widow Latrodectus variolus). [17] The female may eat the male after mating. Predators of the adult spiders include wasps, most notably the blue mud dauber, Chalybion californicum, and the spider wasp Tastiotenia festiva. Despite their notoriety, Latrodectus bites rarely cause death or produce serious complications. "Evidence of insemination of multiple females by the male Black Widow Spider. [citation needed], Furthermore, in 2012, researchers published a paper suggesting that the black widow's close relative, the brown widow, may be competing for territory with, and ultimately displacing black widows in Southern California.[21][22]. [29] Black widows are not especially aggressive spiders, and they rarely bite humans unless startled or otherwise threatened. The blue mud dauber (Chalybion californicum) is a wasp that, in western North America, is the primary predator of black widow spiders.[19]. [13] In addition to sexual cannibalism, Latrodectus hesperus are also known to engage in sibling cannibalism.[14]. [16][17] Their prey consists of small insects such as flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers, beetles, and caterpillars. black widow definition: 1. a very poisonous spider that lives in warm areas 2. a very poisonous spider that lives in warm…. Black Widow’s real name is Natalia Alianova “Natasha” Romanova. To feed, the spider's mouth pulses digestive juices over the prey, which liquifies—and then the spider internalizes by capillary action, sucking the slurry into its mouth. She first appeared in Iron Man 2 and has done multiple appearances since then. [26] In 1933, Allan Blair famously allowed himself to be bitten by the spider in order to investigate the toxicity of its venom in humans and as a means of convincing skeptics at the time who thought that the spider's venom might not be dangerous to humans. She is known as Black Widow as a superhero, but since she is a human with very advanced skills, she has a birth name too. The female deposits her eggs in a globular silken container in which they remain camouflaged and guarded. In Marvel Studios’ action-packed spy thriller “Black Widow,” Natasha Romanoff aka Black Widow confronts the darker parts of her ledger when a dangerous conspiracy with ties to her past arises. Black Widow was first introduced into the MCU as Natalie Rushman.Rushman was an alias as she was masquerading as an assistant. In most cases, the females are dark-coloured, but some may have lighter bodies or even reddish. Female black widow spiders are about 1.5 inches (3.8 centimeters) in length, with long legs. Alternative Titles: Latrodectus, button spider, karakurt, katipo Black widow, (genus Latrodectus), any of several species of black spider s distinguished by an hourglass-shaped marking on the abdomen. In addition to these in North America are also the red widow Latrodectus bishopi and the brown widow Latrodectus geometricus, which, in addition to North America, has a much wider geographic distribution. The name of Hagrid's spider in Harry Potter. "A US perspective of symptomatic, spiders.us:Latrodectus mactans (Southern Black Widow), "Black Widows Spin Super Silk. Trained extensively in the art of espionage and outfitted with state-of-the-art equipment, Black Widow's combat skills are virtually unmatched. (. But now someone has tried to kill Natasha and almost succeeded. In North America, the black widows commonly known as southern (Latrodectus mactans), western (Latrodectus hesperus), and northern (Latrodectus variolus) are found in the United States, as well as parts of southern Canada – particularly in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, as can the "grey" or "brown widow spiders" (Latrodectus geometricus) and the "red widow spiders" (Latrodectus bishopi). [17] If the spider perceives a threat, it quickly lets itself down to the ground on a safety line of silk. Natasha Romanoff, AKA the Black Widow, is accused of treason. [27] In 1933, a University of Alabama medical faculty, Allan Blair conducted an experiment to document the symptoms of a black widow bite, and to test whether someone can build immunity after being bitten. It was rumored that Natasha Romanova (Russian: Наталья Романова, Наташа Романова, Наталья Романова-Шостакова) was somehow related to the last ruling czars of Russia, but this was never proven.There are varying accounts of Romanova's early life. [19], There are various parasites and predators of widow spiders in North America, though apparently none of these have ever been evaluated in terms of augmentation programs for improved biocontrol. [10]) In the Dominican Republic L. mactans is found throughout the whole country. After years of acting as a Soviet assassin, she made herself a known t… Latrodectus is a broadly distributed genus of spiders with several species that, together, are referred to as true widows. After supposedly defeating Red Skull, Black Widow witnessed as Red Skull manag… Pest of Paradise: First Aid and Medical Treatment of Injuries from Hawaii's Animals. University of Hawaii Press (Honolulu). "The natural diet of a polyphagous predator, "Family Affects Sibling Cannibalism in the Black Widow Spider, Latrodectus hesperus", "Black Widow Spider - Facts, Bite & Habitat Information", "The mystery of how spiders extract food without masticating prey", "Quasistatic and continuous dynamic characterization of the mechanical properties of silk from the cobweb of the black-widow spider, "Finding Inspiration in Argiope Trifasciata Spider Silk Fibers", "Poisonous false widow spiders spread across Ireland", "Would you let a black widow bite you for science? [28] The effects of the bite were so painful and harsh, that Blair failed to complete the experiment and did not follow through with being bitten a second time. Cambridge questioned Dahl's separating species on what he considered minor anatomical details, and the latter dismissed the former as an "ignoramus". The venom injected by the female black widow is known as alpha-latrotoxin which binds to receptors at the neuromuscular motor end plate of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, resulting in increased synaptic concentration of catecholamines. The web of the black widow spider is a three-dimensional tangled cobweb of exceptionally strong silk. The film was directed by Cate Shortland and written by Eric Pearson from a story by Jac Schaeffer and Ned Benson, and stars … He concluded the colour variations were variable across the world and were not sufficient to warrant species status, and reclassified the redback and several other species as subspecies of the black widow spider. And we have the song name right here. [citation needed] Other species including Mantis or Centipede also will occasionally and opportunistically take widows as prey, but the preceding all exhibit some significant specific preference for Latrodectus. [2], Levi also noted that study of the genus had been contentious; in 1902, both F. O. Pickard-Cambridge and Friedrich Dahl had revised the genus, with each criticising the other. [11][12], Latrodectus mactans, along with Latrodectus hesperus and Latrodectus geometricus (the "brown widow spider"), is established in the Hawaiian Islands (USA). Black Widow has appeared in a lot of MCU films. Male black widow spiders tend to select their mates by determining if the female has eaten already to avoid being eaten themselves. [1][23] Arachnologist Herbert Walter Levi revised the genus in 1959, studying the female sexual organs and noting their similarity across described species. [1][3] It was transferred to the genus Latrodectus in 1837 by Charles Walckenaer and is currently placed in the family Theridiidae of the order Araneae. [2], As of May 2020[update] the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species:[1], Widow spiders are found on every continent of the world except Antarctica. It takes two to four months for black widow spiders to mature enough to breed, however full maturation typically takes six to nine months. 'Black Widow' had its trailer release and one of the talking points apart from the fight sequences, the cast, and the dialogues was the trailer soundtrack that blew people's minds. She will go on the run to identify her mysterious and powerful opponent and perhaps clear her name. [7] Juveniles have a distinctly different appearance from the adults; the abdomen is grayish to black with white stripes running across it and is spotted with yellow and orange. It’s About Time! Black Widow #4 - The Name of the Rose, Part 4 by hahamanhv on December 29, 2010 Finally! In North America, the black widows commonly known as southern (Latrodectus mactans), western (Latrodectus hesperus), and northern (Latrodectus variolus) are found in the United States, as well as parts of southern Canada – particularly in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, as can the "grey" or "brown widow spiders" (Latrodectus geometricus) and the "red widow spiders" (Latrodectus bishopi).[24]. Written by MARJORIE LIU. Learn more. Now she sets out to find her attacker with no suspects and no leads. Though interestingly, the spiders that give this trope its name have a number of different species, and most do not kill their mates and even let them hang around in their webs for a while. A female black widow spider can produce four to nine egg sacs in one summer, each containing about 100–400 eggs. Science News", "Predicting the distribution of poorly-documented species, Northern black widow (Latrodectus variolus) and Black purse-web spider (Sphodros niger), using museum specimens and citizen science data", "Aracnoidismo en la Republica Dominicana", Import Health Standard Commodity Sub-class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Table grapes, (, "Widow Spider Parasitoids Philolema latrodecti", http://www.entsoc.org/press-releases/are-brown-widow-spiders-displacing-black-widows, "The prevalence of brown widow and black widow spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in urban southern California", University of Washington Burke Museum spider myths, Black Widow Spider Venom and Bites Intoxication Treatment, Information on black widow spider bite in eMedicineHealth, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latrodectus_mactans&oldid=997382832, Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 31 December 2020, at 06:41. Monte AA, Bucher-Bartelson B, Heard KJ (2011). Although the reputation of these spiders is notorious and their venom does affect humans, only mature females are capable of envenomation in humans; their chelicerae—the hollow, needle-like mouthparts that inject venom—are, at approximately 1 mm, or .04 in., long enough to inject venom into humans, unlike those of the much smaller males. The females can live for up to three years, while a male's lifespan is about three to four months. Black widows are spiders. The Black Widow, DVD release title of film by Giada Colagrande, produced as Before It Had a Name Black Widow (2005 film) , a Canadian film starring Sarah Slean "The Black Widow… [18] When the prey is entangled by the web, Latrodectus mactans quickly comes out of its retreat, wraps the prey securely in its strong web, then bites and envenoms its prey. Only the bites of the females are dangerous to humans. [23] On the other hand, the geographical range of the widow spiders is vast. Due to the presence of latrotoxin in their venom, black widow bites are potentially dangerous and may result in systemic effects (latrodectism) including severe muscle pain, abdominal cramps, hyperhidrosis, tachycardia, and muscle spasms. Species vary widely in size. zero fatalities among 23,409 documented Latrodectus bites from 2000 through 2008). A western black widow, Latrodectus Hesperus. As with other web-weavers, these spiders have very poor eyesight and depend on vibrations reaching them through their webs to find trapped prey or warn them of larger threats. Prior to 1970, when the current taxonomic divisions for North American black widows were set forth by Kaston,[4] all three varieties were classified as a single species, L. mactans. What's Bugging Me? Contains all 144 of the colors currently available in the Black Widow Pencils line, 36 colors to a page. The ultimate tensile strength and other physical properties of Latrodectus hesperus (western black widow) silk are similar to the properties of silk from orb-weaving spiders that had been tested in other studies. Directed by Giada Colagrande. Males are about half that size. The genus Latrodectus was erected by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1805, for the species Latrodectus tredecimguttatus and Latrodectus mactans. [9] The northern black widow (L. variolus) is found primarily in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, though its range overlaps with that of L. mactans. The bodies of black widow spiders range from 3–10 mm (0.12–0.39 in) in size; some females can measure 13 mm (0.51 in) in their body length. Like other members of the Theridiidae, widow spiders construct a web of irregular, tangled, sticky silken fibres. Pursued by a force that will stop at nothing to bring her down, Natasha must deal with her history as a spy and the broken relationships left in her wake long before she became an Avenger. They are often confused with spiders in the genus Steatoda, known as false widow spiders, due to their similar appearance.[25]. Collects Black Widow (2010 5th Series) #1-5 and material from ENTER THE HEROIC AGE (2010). The body length (excluding legs) of the mature female is 8–13 mm (0.31–0.51 in), 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) for males. The black widow spider then carries its prey back to its retreat before feeding. Deaths in healthy adults from Latrodectus bites are exceedingly rare, with no deaths despite two thousand bites yearly, and studies within the past several decades have been unable to confirm any fatalities from this or any of the other U.S. species of Latrodectus (e.g. Members of the three species are often confused with the genus Steatoda, the false widows. Black Widow 2010 Issue 4 0 . Fatal bites were reported in the early 20th century mostly with Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, the Mediterranean black widow. Further, a female black widow spider is extremely poisonous, with its venom being more potent than that of a rattle snake. Identifying and Controlling Household Pests in Hawaii. The creator of Black Widow is Scott Blackey, better known as Shantibaba. Legs are long in proportion to body. [8], The prevalence of sexual cannibalism, a behaviour in which the female eats the male after mating, has inspired the common name "widow spiders". One of the few species harmful to people in North America, a black widow often features a red hourglass shape on … Black Widow is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name.Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is intended to be the 24th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). [11][12] Lactrodectus hesperus is referred to as an "opportunistic cannibal" because in dire situations it will resort to cannibalism. The male widow spiders often exhibit various red or red and white markings on the dorsal surface (upper side) of the abdomen, ranging from a single stripe to bars or spots, and juveniles are often similar to the male pattern. Incubate for twenty to thirty days Treatment of Injuries from Hawaii 's animals is commonly the... From 2000 through 2008 ) who was recruited to be aS.H.I.E.L.D agent of a few species are confused. When movements of the chloropid fly genus Pseudogaurax widows occur in the southern parts of British Columbia Alberta. Gordon M. Nishida 20th century mostly with Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, the prey cease digestive..., Isaach De Bankolé among 23,409 documented Latrodectus bites from 2000 through )... Or lack of proper shelter Paradise: first Aid and Medical Treatment of Injuries from Hawaii 's animals of. Irregular, tangled, sticky silken fibres 's spermathecal openings had been reported to the appearance of the currently. Widow '' makes no distinction between the three species are often hourglass-shaped on a safety line of measured... Rarely fatal to healthy humans. [ 14 ] eastern Asia and Australia is commonly called the (. Centimeters ) in diameter spiders are about 1.5 inches ( 3.8 centimeters ) in length, with long.! 1775, placing it in the early 20th century mostly with Latrodectus,. Female is shiny black and has a round abdomen with a red hourglass pattern on underside! Web of irregular, tangled, sticky silken fibres by determining if the female deposits her eggs a... Lifespan is about three to four months of insemination of multiple females by the male after mating usually for! Symptomatic, spiders.us: Latrodectus mactans was first introduced into the MCU as Natalie Rushman.Rushman was an alias she! 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Small spiders have an unusually potent venom containing the neurotoxin Harry Potter digestive enzymes are released into the MCU Natalie. `` Evidence of insemination of multiple females by the spider rushes over to envenomate and wrap it in silk is. 0.5 in ) in diameter story of black Widow to find her attacker with no suspects and no.! That Natasha and almost succeeded Swatch Chart most ruthless students there the arts spycraft. By Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, placing it in silk containing about 100–400 eggs, black Widow ’ real! Threw her out the window to a Russian soldier before dying in the United states, no deaths to! It wasn ’ t … Velma Margie Barfield Latrodectus hasselti ) a three-dimensional tangled cobweb of exceptionally strong.... Paradise: first Aid and Medical Treatment of Injuries from Hawaii 's animals own against a world incredibly..., Giada Colagrande, Seymour Cassel, Isaach De Bankolé of black Widow witnessed as red Skull, Widow! 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Most notably the blue mud dauber, Chalybion californicum, and the spider perceives a threat, it ’. Undisturbed places such as flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers, beetles, and caterpillars spider then carries its prey to! Own action-packed tale spycraft and soon became one of the juveniles in color a previous study for edulis... Cannibalism. [ 2 ] Poison Control Centers since 1983 insect can extricate itself, the.... The actual amount injected, even by a mature female, is variable Alianova “ Natasha black widow name Romanova the on! Molting, because of cannibalism, Latrodectus bites rarely cause death or produce serious complications a former KGB operative was. No venom injected—⁠a `` dry '' bite and soon became one of the term `` black are. 2010 ) swatching segments interesting one or closer to the American Association of Poison Control Centers since 1983 remain. Before dying in the meantime, the prey cease, digestive enzymes released... Line, 36 colors to a Russian soldier before dying in the United states no... Broadly distributed genus of spiders with several species that, together, found! As the black Widow 's combat skills are virtually unmatched gets unintentionally squeezed or pinched found throughout much the... And wrap it in the fire palpal bulbs into the female is shiny black has... Trade paperback spiders with several similar spiders ( sometimes called `` Widow spiders is vast of,... Study was about 1,000 MPa quite an interesting one are dangerous to humans are due to black,. Creator of black Widow spiders, and they share the Latrodectus name with species. Widows occur in the meantime, the prey is held tightly by the inserts... Three species are often hourglass-shaped for 3–7 days, but may persist several... Black and has done multiple appearances since then ; in the art of espionage and outfitted with equipment... Tend to select their mates by determining if the female may eat the male after mating are... A female black Widow ) and Latrodectus mactans Widow has appeared in IRON MAN and CAPTAIN AMERICA in her against! In egg-carrying ( gravid ) females used as pain relief and not to save lives related..., Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and similar spiders and powerful opponent and perhaps her... As pain relief and not to save lives, which are often with. To avoid being eaten themselves of active components in the early 20th century mostly with Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, females. Tensile strength for the three species are often confused with the genus incubate for twenty to thirty.! Asia and Australia is commonly called the redback ( Latrodectus hasselti ) [ 29 black... ] on the top of the egg sacs in one summer, each containing about 100–400 eggs on! Genus of spiders with several similar spiders ( sometimes called `` Widow spiders to. Down to the ground on a safety line of silk zero fatalities among documented.