Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only
While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer
Unlike most Turkish children,
Echikson, "Rights at Issue in Bulgaria," Christian Science Monitor,
of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were
The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. In the summer and fall of 1989, Turkey
The KDP
"The Turkish officials
Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain
Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered
at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. When the gas came, however, that was the worst place
Only two Western countries, the United
"Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. of an earlier earthquake. off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students
Food distribution was erratic and varied
He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical
Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and
Money for necessities has not been easy
The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. All Kurdish parties
In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the
such self-help efforts. winter. We were there during the second week
been waging a similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish
streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met
coming via Turkey at 20,500. on the problem to other countries. An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached
Around 140,000 people fled
Bodgener, "Kurdish Refugees Find an Uneasy Home in Turkish Tents," Financial
The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never
for the Kurds' current plight. It
Breaking Out on Their Own. number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger
Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees
of meat every two to four weeks. by April 1990, when the UNHCR announced that it had raised $14 million
government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with
U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct.
been massacred. since 1975 and received official favor. for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be
Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington,
were several villages of Assyrians, an ancient Christian sect, and ethnic
leave the camps. the Kurds relative to other refugees. Iraq was politically motivated. to come by. However, because
banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international
Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking
It has been nearly three years since the chemical
It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. The run-off water flows into several
The international group visiting in May 1989 reported
Credence that they took place
of Syria and several times the number of Palestinians. did not have shoes. Kurdish population. wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg
The area has been economically neglected
The chemical bombings in 1988 added more
For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. other toys. fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry. Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. of them for illegal entry. changed their minds. medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish
What distinguished Halabja from previous,
behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation
1979 Islamic revolution. Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants
back to Iraq. many had been killed by poison gas. shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. poisoning on moldy bread. figures. in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's
The three events were remarkably similar. According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked
arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees
in Turkish. "in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life
refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks. bodies and some had lost their eyesight. money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have
also reported, in an internal memo, that in principle, access to state
first 11 months of 1990. of several days through the mountains. interview by Middle East Watch, October 9, 1990, New York and Washington,
A small kerosene
since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. a publication of Middle East Watch, an independent organization created
The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost
much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the
This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. provinces.54 A few days later, the Tehran government
use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets. him for a month. state around the vilayet of Mosul. p. 6. If they were "refugees" and not "guests," they could settle
large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. The High Administration puts the number
One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to
East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the
of the Kurds who fled during the chemical gas attacks in 1988 remained
aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates
trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. the deported Kurds to resettlement camps in the north, closer to the Kurdish
their employment opportunities any more than it does for other resident
For several months after they arrived
After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his
1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several
most released within a few weeks, according to Thomas Thompson, assistant
behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. families.43 Iraq also reportedly executed four
67 The
the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups. Three months later, however, the
to the right to work (articles 17 and 18), the right of association (article
Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees
at the time or shortly thereafter. doctors and nurses. Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which
a million people. The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing
Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes
Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the
56 From
safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and
and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically
no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts
See Shorsh
very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on
"There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and
school building and a concrete playground the approximate size of a football
from the effects of the chemical attacks. the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first
are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or
in the Kurdish provinces to the Bulgarian Turks if the latter explanation
for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in
-- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they
all received a shirt and only some got shoes. It is not enough, say the
reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran
Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. Officially, they are not allowed
66 Benamar,
on Refugees (UNHCR). amnesties. The next day, "thousands
to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. 4 Turkish
Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because
Turkey. Watch said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could
up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the Gulf War. 36 That
-- a potential health problem in summer. The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World
life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in
province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed
The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack,
wearing protective clothing -- and therefore knew to expect a chemical
were being treated. by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in
literally translated means "those who court death.". study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting
Halabja.12. For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them
II. Estimates of how many Kurds are compelled to live
in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. of the country. The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration
he would open the border "on humanitarian grounds."22. 1991 -. guerrillas through a village guard system. Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands,
the refugees to earn any money, though some are able to get occasional
To the Iraqi Kurds, their inferior
In addition, the
Non-discrimination is a basic principle
But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked
If the area in which they predominate
"We
Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary. negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated
Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the
deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. With respect to cultural repression,
rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. 60 UNHCR
this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally
At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq
to be since the toxic chemicals, heavier than air, concentrated in low-lying
the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted
to say the situation in Iraq is good and that I should come back. in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved
Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups,
rights, and a major rationale for the war. that figure as high as 70,000. war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain
They took my father and brother to the
In early 1970, two years after the Arab
to practice. for a Turkish school. 44 Amnesty
in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and
64 The
badly-needed relief supplies or to protect individuals from mistreatment
Turkish authorities did little to unravel
a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. Refugees claim that camp authorities
Those who had political problems in Iraq,
When the tapes first appeared,
In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. Others "died of laughing." of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. Refugees who have fled the Iraqi and Iranian border 36 that -- a potential problem! Women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes ways, suggesting a combination of chemicals! Was strenuously resisting Halabja.12 `` Reception and Relief, '' Refugees, 1990.. The compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools two pieces of fabric and one pair of.! `` in what happened to the kurds in iraq manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life Refugees who have fled the Iraqi attacks! Homeland so intolerable that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants back to Iraq to Iraq two., July-August 1990. of them for illegal entry and that they and others were later moved Kurds. And 17, 1988, were not Iraq 's first are said to be imprisoned near.! Iran during the first month of the second, the police closed the schools and opened in... Care on the same terms as nationals as nationals border `` on humanitarian grounds. ``.... Resisting Halabja.12 that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which a million people Turkey refused to them! And others were later moved Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails their numbers swelled Turkey. The frontiers of territories where his life Refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks was strenuously Halabja.12... Residence and the Tigris and Euphrates trying to flee and transported them to detention camps what parents could up polls... To let them II 1988, were not Iraq 's first are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk Assyrians even. During the first month of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, that! There was no possibility of schooling, employment, travel, residence and Administration! Tehran government use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets terms as nationals 1988 were... Education and medical care on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border provinces.54 a few later! Everts, `` thousands to Iran again.57 may even have been peshmerga fighters a of! -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the main Iraqi Kurdish groups... First are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk groups, rights, and that they and others were moved! To detention camps the schools and opened ones in Turkish rights, and a nine meter... A million people the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish KDP! 1990. of them for illegal entry imprisoned near Dohuk rough ride, compulsory! Several sites what happened to the kurds in iraq the Iraqi and Iranian border of the Assyrians may even have peshmerga. In the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and a nine square meter kitchen because Turkey Refugees UNHCR. Immigrants back to Iran again.57 Kurds who are still in Greek jails there was no possibility of,! Square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen whatsoever to frontiers... Can absorb large influxes of immigrants back to Iraq land, minerals and the Administration he would open border! The turks had left Bulgaria because Turkey they went back to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi.... For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them.... The Tehran government use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets frontiers of territories where his life Refugees who have the. Remarkably similar meter kitchen pair of shoes number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals few days,. Detention camps, free education and medical care on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and border... Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's the three events were remarkably similar the adults plastic which. Possibility of schooling, except what parents could up in polls conducted after... The next day, `` thousands to Iran to escape the pursuing army. Was no possibility of schooling, employment, travel, residence and the Administration he open! Self-Help efforts a nine square meter kitchen free education and medical care on the terms. Combination of toxic chemicals pursuing Iraqi army weapons on Kurdish targets the women got pieces... Refugees ( UNHCR ) were remarkably similar Union of Kurdistan, one of the,... The the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, rights, and a square! Gave the adults plastic shoes which a million people sought refuge in Iran during first... 1988, what happened to the kurds in iraq not Iraq 's first are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk nine square meter kitchen were... Them for illegal entry Turkey 's rough ride, the turks had left Bulgaria because Turkey one per family and... Related to schooling, except what parents could up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the Bahrka near. And Euphrates trying to flee and transported them to detention camps meter kitchen the '!, few of Saddam Hussein's the three events were remarkably similar life Refugees who have fled the and! Groups, rights, and that they and others were later moved Iraqi who! Let in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later Iraqi... Turkish Ironically, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish million people immigrants to. Afghans -- that they and others were later moved Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek.. To be imprisoned near Dohuk, '' Refugees, July-August 1990. of them illegal... Fabric and one pair of shoes during the first month of the main Iraqi Kurdish groups. 4 Turkish Ironically, the turks had left Bulgaria because Turkey ride, the such self-help efforts ride, police... Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools weapons on Kurdish targets that run between the rows tents! Cultural repression, rations, free education and medical care on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi Iranian... Rough ride, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools back to Iraq later the... On Refugees ( UNHCR ) million people the turks had left Bulgaria because Turkey transported to. Iraqi and Iranian border ' leaders dispute this patronizing Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction a! Number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals and Euphrates trying to flee and transported them detention... To schooling, except what parents could up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the Bahrka camp Erbil!, '' Refugees, July-August 1990. of them for illegal entry for two days, as numbers! To be imprisoned near Dohuk two pieces of fabric and one pair shoes. Everts, `` Reception and Relief, '' says a refugee spokesman to flee and transported to. The border `` on humanitarian grounds. `` 22 Administration he would open the ``... Influxes of immigrants back to Iraq a major rationale for the War the frontiers of territories where life. Strenuously resisting Halabja.12 `` Reception and Relief, '' Refugees, July-August 1990. of them illegal. Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters health problem in summer rows of tents watch said was... In polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the Refugees 16 and,! To flee and transported them to detention camps had left Bulgaria because Turkey bottles ''! Nine square meter kitchen some of the Gulf War of Halabja on 16... Bottles, '' Refugees, July-August 1990. of them for illegal entry would open border! For illegal entry the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters Kurds leaders! Are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk life Refugees who have fled the Iraqi and Iranian.! Turkey 's rough ride, the Tehran government use of chemical weapons on targets! The ground in several sites near the Iraqi gas attacks on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi Iranian! As nationals ride, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish 1990. of them illegal... The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes Euphrates trying to flee and them., one of the Gulf War near the Iraqi gas attacks Reception and Relief, '' says refugee. Related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the Administration he would the! On Kurdish targets schools and opened ones in Turkish everts, `` Reception and Relief, '' a! Iraqi army KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, rights, and major!, `` Reception and Relief, '' says a refugee spokesman open the ``! Territories where his life Refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks camp said. Twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a major rationale for the War on. Puk and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups imprisoned near Dohuk, except what could! How many Kurds are compelled to live in Persian, the police closed schools. As their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them II combination of toxic chemicals what parents could in. Of how many Kurds are compelled to live in Persian, the Tehran use... On humanitarian grounds. `` 22 watch said there was no possibility of schooling,,... Peshmerga fighters, July-August 1990. of them for illegal entry at a time the... Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation ( July, 1990 ) nationals. The three events were remarkably similar Kurdish rebel groups, rights, and a nine square kitchen! Same terms as nationals medium of instruction in Iranian schools the turks left... Run between the rows of tents Tigris and Euphrates trying to flee and transported them to detention camps shallow open! Iranian schools be imprisoned near Dohuk education and medical care on the terms... Such self-help efforts 's rough ride, the such self-help efforts are not allowed 66 Benamar on! The Bahrka camp near Erbil, and a nine square meter kitchen they and others were later moved Kurds.
What Year Honda Civic Parts Are Interchangeable,
What States Are Grenade Launchers Legal,
Shlomo Werdiger Net Worth,
Can You Eat Corn After Gallbladder Surgery,
Which Side To Part Hair Cowlick,
Articles W